Kunci Determinasi
Untuk memudahkan menelusuri tahapan klasifikasi suatu organisme dapat digunakan kunci determinasi. Kunci determinasi adalah uraian keterangan tentang ciri-ciri makhluk hidup yang disusun berurut mulai dari ciri umum hingga ke ciri khusus untuk menemukan kelompok/spesies makhluk hidup. Urutan daftar ciri-ciri itu disusun berupa nomor-nomor, biasanya bersifat dikotom. Lalu, bagaimana cara menggunakannya ? Untuk menggunakan kunci determinasi, mula-mula kamu harus mengetahui nama bagian yang diamati. Kemudian cocokkan dengan ciri-ciri yang ada pada kunci determinasi. kunci determinasi juga kadang disebut kunci Identifikasi
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| (insect with one pair of wings) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1a | Insect with wings (though forewings may be partly or entirely stiffened as ‘wing-covers’ or ‘wing-cases’ and not used in flight) | 2 |
| 1b | Insect without wings (though some forms may retain vestigial wings resembling small scales or pads) | 32 |
| 2a | One pair of wings | 3 |
| 2b | Two pairs of wings | 9 |
| 3a | Dorsal surface of the prothorax extended backwards over the abdomen; hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance | Orthoptera |
| 3b | Insect not like this | 4 |
| 4a | Wings horny or leathery (stiffened) and not used for flying | 5 |
| 4b | Wings membranous (flexible) and used for flying | 6 |
| 5a | Wings overlapping at least a little in the centre-line and with obvious veins present | Phasmida |
| 5b | Wings (elytra) meeting in the centre-line (sometimes fused together) and without veins (elytra may have longitudinal grooves or striae which should not be confused with veins) | Coleoptera |
| 6a | Abdomen with one or more long terminal appendages | 7 |
| 6b | Abdomen without terminal appendages | 8 |
| 7a | Wings with only one forked vein; antennae relatively long; small insect usually less than 5 mm long | Hemiptera |
| 7b | Wings with many veins; antenae short; alrge insect | Ephemeroptera |
| 8a | Thorax with a pair of club-shaped structures (halteres) lying just in front of the wings | Strepsiptera |
| 8b | Thorax with a pair of club-shaped structures (halteres) lying just behind the wings (may be hidden by body hairs and other structures) | Diptera |
| (insect with two pairs of wings) | ||
| 9a | Forewings partly or entirely horny or leathery and forming stiffened covers for the membranous hindwings | 10 |
| 9b | Both pairs of wings membranous (flexible) and used for flying (though wings sometimes feather-like rather than membranous or their membranous nature may be obscured by a dense covering of hairs, scales or waxy powder) | 16 |
| 10a | Mouth-parts forming a tube-like ‘beak’ (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use) | Hemiptera |
| 10b | Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and chewing | 11 |
| 11a | Forewings overlapping at least a little in the centre-line and usually with many veins present | 12 |
| 11b | Forewings (elytra) meeting in the centre-line and without veins (though elytra may have longitudinal grooves or striae which should not be confused with veins) | 14 |
| 12a | Hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance | Orthoptera |
| 12b | Hind-legs not modified for jumping and usually similar in thickness to the middle-legs; insect not grasshopper-like | 13 |
| 13a | Prothorax much larger than the head; cerci nearly always many-segmented and fairly prominent | Dyctioptera |
| 13b | Prothorax and head of similar size; cerci always unsegmented and very short | Phasmida |
| 14a | Forewings (elytra) long and covering all or most of the abdomen | Coleoptera |
| 14b | Forewings (elytra) short and leaving much of the abdomen exposed | 15 |
| 15a | Abdomen with a pair of terminal pincers or forceps | Dermaptera |
| 15b | Abdomen without terminal pincers | Coleoptera |
| 16a | Wings very narrow without veins and fringed with long hairs (feather-like); tarsi 1- or 2-segmented (small slender insect often found in flowers) | Thysanoptera |
| 16b | Wings broader with veins present; if wings fringed with long hairs then tarsi comprised of more than 2 segments (though wing veins of some insects may be much reduced and hardly visible or partly obscured by hairs, scales or waxy powder) | 17 |
| 17a | Hindwings noticeably smaller than forewings | 18 |
| 17b | Both pairs of wings similar in size or hindwings larger than forewings | 26 |
| 18a | Wings and much of the body covered with white waxy powder; tiny insect usually less than 2-3 mm long | 19 |
| 18b | No such powdery covering | 20 |
| 19a | Wings held flat over the body at rest; mouth-parts forming a tube-like ‘beak’ (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use) | Hemiptera |
| 19b | Wings held roof-wise over the body at rest; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting | Neuroptera |
| 20a | Wings more or less covered with minute scales; mouth-parts when present forming a coiled proboscis or ‘tongue’ | Lepidoptera |
| 20b | Wings usually transparent (without scales though often hairy); mouth-parts not forming a coiled proboscis | 21 |
| 21a | Forewings with many cross-veins making a network pattern; abdomen with 2 or 3 long thread-like terminal appendages | Ephemeroptera |
| 21b | Forewings with relatively few cross-veins; abdomen usually without or with only very short terminal appendages (cerci) | 22 |
| 22a | Wings noticeably covered with hairs; insect moth-like in general appearance | Trichoptera |
| 22b | Wings not noticeably hairy (though may be fringed with hairs or tiny surface hairs may be seen if wings examined under a microscope or strong hand-lens) | 23 |
| 23a | Mouth-parts forming a tube-like ‘beak’ (rostrum) for piercing and sucking (rostrum usually folded backwards under the body when not in use; abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end) | Hemiptera |
| 23b | Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and chewing | 24 |
| 24a | Tarsi 4- or 5-segmented; hard-bodied insects with abdomen often constricted at its base into a petiole or ‘waist’ (except Symphyta) | Hymonoptera |
| 24b | Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented; small soft-bodied insect | 25 |
| 25a | Antennae with at least 12 segments | Psocoptera |
| 25b | Antennae with only 9 segments | Zoraptera |
| 26a | Tarsi 5-segmented | 27 |
| 26b | Tarsi 3- or 4-segmented | 29 |
| 27a | Wings noticeably covered with hairs; insect moth-like in general appearance | Trichoptera |
| 27b | Wings not noticeably hairy (though tiny hairs may be seen if wings examined under a microscope or strong hand-lens) | 28 |
| 28a | Front of head extended downwards to form a beak-like structure with jaws (mandibles) at its tip | Mecoptera |
| 28b | No such beak-like extension of the head | Neuroptera |
| 29a | Tarsi 4-segmented | Isoptera |
| 29b | Tarsi 3-segmented | 30 |
| 30a | Wings noticeably hairy; front tarsi with first segment greatly swollen | Embioptera |
| 30b | Wings not noticeably hairy; front tarsi simple | 31 |
| 31a | Wings with many cross-veins making a network pattern and held away from the body at rest (either outstretched or folded vertically); antennae short and inconspicuous | Odonata |
| 31b | Wings with relatively few cross-veins and folded flat over the body at rest; antennae long and slender (longer than width of head) | Plecoptera |
| (insect without wings) | ||
| 32a | Small soft-bodied insect living on terrestrial plants with the body encased under a protective shield (‘scale’) or partly covered with white waxy filaments or powder | Hemiptera |
| 32b | Insect not like this | 33 |
| 33a | Thoracic legs absent or enclosed in a membrane preventing any movement | (Larvae and pupae of most Orders of Endopterygota) |
| 33b | Thoracic legs present and fully functional | 34 |
| 34a | Abdomen with false-legs or prolegs (fleshy structures different from and additional to the jointed legs of the thorax); insect caterpillar-like in general appearance | 35 |
| 34b | Abdomen without prolegs; insect not caterpillar-like | 37 |
| 35a | No more than 5 pairs of prolegs | Larvae Of lepidoptera |
| 35b | At least 6 pairs of prolegs | 36 |
| 36a | Head with a single small eye (ocellus) on each side | Larvae of Hymenoptera |
| 36b | Head with several small eyes (ocelli) on each side | Larvae of Mecoptera |
| 37a | Insect living in a terrestrial habitat or on the surface of water (not underwater) | 38 |
| 37b | Insect truly aquatic (living underwater) | 70 |
| 38a | Abdomen with cerci or other terminal appendages (take care not to confuse terminal hairs or bristles with cerci) | 39 |
| 38b | Abdomen without such terminal appendages (though may have small appendages on proximal segments or a pair of tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end) | 56 |
| 39a | Abdomen with 6 segments or fewer; usually with a forked terminal appendage (springing organ) folded under the rear end when not in use | Collembola |
| 39b | Abdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible); terminal appendages of a different form | 40 |
| 40a | Antennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head) | 41 |
| 40b | Antennae long and conspicuous (usually much longer than the head) | 42 |
| 41a | Tarsi with at least 3 segments (usually 5-segmented) | Phasmida |
| 41b | Tarsi with fewer than 3 segments (often reduced to single or paired claws on the end of each leg) | Larvae of Coleoptera |
| 42a | Hind-legs enlarged and modified for jumping; insect grasshopper-like in general appearance | Orthoptera |
| 42b | Hind-legs not modified for jumping and usually similar in thickness to the middle-legs; insect not grasshopper-like | 43 |
| 43a | Terminal appendages of abdomen forming a pair of pincers or forceps | 44 |
| 43b | Terminal appendages of abdomen not like this | 45 |
| 44a | Tarsi 3-segmented | Dermaptera |
| 44b | Tarsi 1-segmented | Diplura |
| 45a | Terminal appendages of abdomen long (much more than half the length of the abdomen) | 46 |
| 45b | Terminal appendages of abdomen short (less than half the length of the abdomen) | 48 |
| 46a | Abdomen with 3 terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament) | Thysanura |
| 46b | Abdomen with 2 terminal appendages (cerci) | 47 |
| 47a | Tarsi 3-segmented; terminal appendages of abdomen (cerci) unsegmented | Dermaptera |
| 47b | Tarsi 1-segmented; terminal appendages of abdomen (cerci) many-segmented | Diplura |
| 48a | Tarsi usually 5-segmented (though sometimes fewer on regenerated legs of Phasmida) | 49 |
| 48b | Tarsi with fewer than 5 segments on all legs | 52 |
| 49a | Front of head extended downwards to form a beak-like structure with jaws (mandibles) at its tip | Mecoptera |
| 49b | No such beak-like extension of the head | 50 |
| 50a | Prothorax much larger than the head | Dyctioptera |
| 50b | Prothorax and head of similar size (prothorax at most only slightly larger than the head) | 51 |
| 51a | Cerci 8-segmented and moderately long | Grylloblattodea |
| 51b | Cerci unsegmented and very short | Phasmida |
| 52a | Tarsi usually 4-segmented | Isoptera |
| 52b | Tarsi with fewer than 4 segments | 53 |
| 53a | Tarsi 1-segmented | Diplura |
| 53b | Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented | 54 |
| 54a | Tarsi 2-segmented | Zoraptera |
| 54b | Tarsi 3-segmented | 55 |
| 55a | Front tarsi with first segment greatly swollen; cerci 2-segmented | Embioptera |
| 55b | Front tarsi not swollen; cerci unsegmented | Phasmida |
| (insect without wings – terrestrial – no terminal appendages) | ||
| 56a | Insect living as a parasite on a warm-blooded animal or closely associated with such an animal (i.e. on the body or in the nest or den of a bird or mammal) | 57 |
| 56b | Insect not parasitic on a warm-blooded animal | 61 |
| 57a | Body flattened from side to side (jumping insect) | Shiponaptera |
| 57b | Body flattened from top to bottom | 58 |
| 58a | Head partly withdrawn into the thorax | 59 |
| 58b | Head not withdrawn into the thorax | 60 |
| 59a | Antennae short and inconspicuous (much shorter than the head); legs with strong and distinctly hooked tarsal claws | Diptera |
| 59b | Antennae long and conspicuous (more than twice the length of the head); legs with small and only slightly curved tarsal claws | Hemiptera |
| 60a | At least the prothorax distinct from the other thoracic segments; legs with small tarsal claws; mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting | Mallophaga |
| 60b | All the thoracic segments fused into a single unit; legs with large tarsal claws which can close tightly against the legs; mouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis for piercing and sucking (proboscis retracted within the head when not in use) | Siphunculata |
| 61a | Antennae absent (minute soil-living insects usually less than 2 mm long) | Protura |
| 61b | Antennae present | 62 |
| 62a | Abdomen strongly constricted at its base into a narrow petiole or ‘waist’; antennae often bent into an elbowed shape | Hymenoptera |
| 62b | Abdomen not constricted into a ‘waist’; antennae more or less straight | 63 |
| 63a | Body covered with dense scales and flattened hairs | Lepidoptera |
| 63b | Body bare or with sparse bristle-like hairs | 64 |
| 64a | Mouth-parts forming a tube-like proboscis or rostrum for piercing and/or sucking (often folded backwards under the head when not in use) | 65 |
| 64b | Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing | 67 |
| 65a | Tarsi usually 5-segmented | Diptera |
| 65b | Tarsi with fewer than 5 segments | 66 |
| 66a | Proboscis small and cone shaped (much shorter in length than the head) (small slender insect often found in flowers) | Thysanoptera |
| 66b | Proboscis or rostrum long and jointed (nearly always longer than the head) (abdomen sometimes with tubular outgrowths or cornicles near the hind end) | Hemiptera |
| 67a | Antennae short and often inconspicuous (at most about the same length as the head) | 68 |
| 67b | Antennae long and conspicuous (much longer than the head) | 69 |
| 68a | Abdomen with 6 segments or fewer | Collembola |
| 68b | Abdomen with more than 6 segments (usually 8 or more clearly visible) | Larvae of Variuor order |
| 69a | Head narrower than the body; mandibles very long and protruding forward well in front of the head (clearly visible from above) | Larvae of Neuroptera |
| 69b | Head as wide or nearly as wide as the body; mandibles small and not protruding in front of the head (not visible from above) | Psocoptera |
| (insect without wings – aquatic) | ||
| 70a | Mouth-parts with a tube-like ‘beak’ or with long stylets for piercing and sucking | 71 |
| 70b | Mouth-parts with jaws (mandibles) for biting and/or chewing | 72 |
| 71a | Mouth-parts forming a robust tube-like ‘beak’ (rostrum) folded backwards under the body when not in use | Hemiptera |
| 71b | Mouth-parts forming a pair of long and slender stylets extending more or less straight forward in front of the head between the antennae and about as long or longer than the latter | Larvae of Neuroptera |
| 72a | Head with a hinged protrusible grasping organ (or ‘mask’) bearing large terminal claws (normally folded beneath the head when not in use) | Nymphs of Odonata |
| 72b | No hinged protrusible ‘mask’ beneath the head | 74 |
| 73a | Abdomen with pairs of feather-like or flat plate-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and 3 long terminal appendages (paired cerci and a median filament) | Nymphs of Ephemeroptera |
| 73b | Without these features combined | 74 |
| 74a | Abdomen without lateral appendages but with 2 long terminal appendages (cerci); antennae long and slender (much longer than the head) | Nymphs of Plecoptera |
| 74b | Without these features combined | 75 |
| 75a | Abdomen with pairs of multi-jointed feather-like lateral appendages on some segments (gill filaments) and sometimes a single terminal appendage | Larvae of Neuroptera |
| 75b | Abdomen without lateral appendages (gill filaments) or if such appendages present then always unjointed | 76 |
| 76a | Last abdominal segment with a pair of fleshy appendages each bearing a strong claw; middle- and hind-legs longer than the width of the thorax; body often enclosed in a tubular case made from small pebbles or other debris | Larvae of Trichoptera |
| 76b | Without these features combined | Larvae of Coleoptera |
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